Y%S ,xldoaùmfha miq.sh jir wdrïNh iksgqyka jkafka ckjdß wg wdKa‌vq fmr<sh;a iu.sks tÈk ¥IKh, w,a,i, mjq,a md,kh, iqÿjEka ixia‌lD;sh, ia‌;%S ¥IKh, YsIH jHdmdr yd jD;a;Sh ix.ï u¾okh wd§ YsIag iïu; iudch úiska ienúkau ms<sflõ lrk i;H fyda wi;H fpdaokd /ila‌ úiska oilhlg iudk uyskao rdcmla‍I md,kh ksud lrk ,§ fï jk úg thg mqrd jirlg wdikak ld,hla‌ f.ù f.dia‌ we; fujka wjia‌:djl kj jif¾ cd;sl wNs,dIh l=ula‌ úhhq;= oehs úuid ne,Su w;sYh ldf,daÑ; jQjls

cd;sl wdrla‍Idj

rgl w;sYh jeo.;au ud;Dldj f,i ud i,lkafka f;,a, yd,a fyda mßmamq ñ, fkdj cd;sl wdrla‍Idjhs th iqrla‍Is; lsÍu ioyd u rgl ck;dj md,lhka msßila‌ m;alr .kS md,lhd m;alr .ekSu ola‌jd j.lSu ck;dj or;;a t;eka mgka tys j.lSu orkqfha foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhhs th mQckSh j.lSula‌ f,i m;ajk rch bgq lrkq we;s nj ck;d úYajdih fjhs tfy;a miq.sh jirl ld,jljdkqj ;=< nqoaê wxY l%shdldßlhska yd yuqod ks,OdÍka fjk;a fm!oa.,sl fyda rdcldÍuh lreKq fia yqjd ola‌jñka w;awvx.=jg .ekSu yd ta ;=<ska rgl cd;sl wdrla‍Idfõ w;sYh jeo.;a f;dr;=re ndysr md¾Yajhka fj; oek.ekSug ie,eia‌ùu b;d wjodkï iy.; njla‌ cd;sl wdrla‍Idj flf¾ we;slrhs tla‌ke,sf.dv isoaêh yryd w;sYh ìysiqKq fldá ;%ia‌;hskaf.a .%yKfhka rg fírd .ekSu ioyd yuqod nqoaê wxY l%shdl< iQla‍Iu wdldrh f,djg fy<s lsÍu fï i|yd jk tla‌ ksoiqkls

tfiau wdrla‍Il yuqod m%;sixúOdkh lsÍfï jHdmD;sh yryd ì%;dkHfhka ,ndfok ñ,shk .Kkl wdOdr ,nd.; fyd;a wdrla‍Il wxYj,g isÿjkqfha Tjqka lshk lshk whqßka lghq;= lsÍug hwe;eïúg fï id úYd, uqo,lska yuqod yd nqoaê wxYhkays idudÔlhskg ,emafgdma mß.Kl, wka;¾cd, myiqlï, wdl¾IŒh m%;s,dN o u;=msáka ysñ úh yelsh by< ks,hkag thg;a jvd Ñ;a;dl¾IŒh udkisl fm<Uùï lsÍfï yelshdjla‌ we; tfia jQ l, ;udf.a w;jeishka fia lghq;= lrk Y%S ,dxlsl wdrla‍Il yuqodjka u.ska ´kEu Nhdkl wêrdcHjd§ b,la‌lhla‌ imqrd .ekSug fuu.ska wjia‌:dj i,id .; yelsh Tjqka úhoï lrkafka uqo,a h wm ta uqo,g ys,õ l< hq;af;a uõ ìuh

ia‌jdêm;Hh

miq.sh ckjdß ckm;sjrKfhka wk;=rej Y%S ,xldjg i;shla‌ .dfka ks, jYfhka ks, fkdjk whqßka meñ‚ wfußldkq tx.,ka;, fkdaùðhdkq yd bkaÈhdkq m%n, ksfhdað; msßi lS fofkla‌ o@ Tjqka ,la‌Èjg meñfKkafka yd fkdfhla‌ fldkafoais fhdackd ksfhda. ,ndfokafka ñ;%;ajfha mokñka o@ fkd tfia kï ienúka u Tjqka yd rch isÿlrk idlÉPd fudkjd o@ Tjqka meñfKkafka kslïu f;a meka ix.%y i|yd muKla‌ o@ hymd,k urkskafoa miqjk wfhl=g fujka foa iq¿fjka ie,lsh yels fj;;a uõìug wdorh lrk wfhl=g fuh W.=frys .e¨‍Kq lgqjla‌ fia ùu mqÿuhla‌ fkdfõ

lsishï rgl hqo l|jqrla‌ mÍla‍Id lsÍug fjk;a rgl yuqodjlg ffk;sl n,hla‌ ;sfí o@ iodpdrd;aul whs;shla‌ ;sfío@ miq.sh od ;%Sl=Kdu, kdúl l|jqr mÍla‍Id lsÍug wfußldkq yuqodjka fj; wjldY ,nd §u u rfÜ ia‌jdêm;H ms<sn| m%Yak ldÍ;;a;ajhla‌ we;slrkakls Bg;a jvd th ckdêm;s;=uka j;a fkdoek is¥jQjd hEhs lSu w;sYh ìhlreh tfia kï ta i|yd bÈßm;a jQfha ljqreka o@ Tjqka fjkqfjka .;a ffk;sl l%shdud¾. fudkjdo@ hqo wmrdO fpdaokdj yd uyskao rdcmla‍I NSIKh hk ud;Dld bÈßhg oudf.k Èfkka Èk wmg wysñ lrkafka isxy,oaùmfha ia‌jdêm;Hh fkdfõ o@

NdId .eg¨‍j

nqÿrÿka wïnÜ‌G iQ;%fha § foaYkd lrkqfha leglsß,a,g mjd ish leoe,af,a ;ud leue;s f,i l:d lsÍfï, woyia‌ m< lsÍfï whs;sh meje;sh hq;= njh Y%S ,xldoaùmh óg jir yeg ye;a;Ejlg tyd isxy,h hs isxy,h hkq fï rfÜ kuhs cmkdf.a rg cmdkhhs Ökdf.a rg Ökhhs isxy,hdf.a rg isxy,hhs 1815 § iqÿ wêrdcHjd§ka úiska .súiqulska w;am;a lr.kakd ,oafoa;a, 1948 § kej; wmg Ndr fok ,oafoa;a isxy,h nj wêrdcH .e;s we;eï foaYmd,k{hkag wu;lh ke;fyd;a wu;l lr we; foaYhla‌ jir oyia‌ .Kkla‌ uq¨‍,af,a f,a, iqiqï oyÈh fy<d /l.;a hï ck j¾.hla‌ fõ kï Tjqkg tys mru whs;shla‌ we;s nj ms<s.ekSug wuq;= jHjia‌:d fld,len,s wjYH ke; furg isxy,, fou<, uqia‌,sï wd§ ckj¾. ishhg wkQ mylg u l:d l< yels tl u NdIdj o isxy,hs úys¨‍j kï ishhg mylg muK isxy, jHjydr lsÍug we;s fkdyelshdj ksid iuia‌;hg u fou< Wf.kSug n, lsÍuhs l<hq;a; kï isxy, fkdo;a ishhg myg isxy, b.ekaùu ñi fou< fkdo;a ishhg ye;a;Ejlg fyda wiQjlg fou< b.ekaùu fkdfõ th jvd myiq, ,dNodhS yd M,odhS o fjhs tfia u fou< hkq cd;Hka;r NdIdjla‌ fkdfõ fou< ni yeoEÍug isxy,hdg n, lsÍu uycd;sfha whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh lsÍula‌ fukau ckjd¾.sl wikaf;daIh we;slsÍug fya;=jla‌ nj jgyd .ekSug Bkshd iyÔjk n,OdÍkag fkdf;afrkafka ukaoehs is;sh hq;=h

rfÜ talSh Ndjh

fï jk úg jHjia‌:d ixfYdaOkhlg rg ;,a¨‍fjñka mj;Sidudðlhka úis y;r fofkl=f.ka iukaú; jHjia‌:dj i|yd uyck woyia‌ ,nd .ekSfï úoaj;a uKa‌v,h kñka lñgqjla‌ o m;afldg udOH u.skafï jk úg fy<sorjq fldg we; thska w;f,dia‌ila‌ fofkla‌ yefrkakg rfÜ talShNdjh yd ia‌jdêm;Hh .ek idOdrK f,i is;k pß; fkdue;s nj Tjqkaf.a b;sydih foi ne,Sfuka meyeÈ,s fjhsúOdhl ckdêm;s l%uh wfydais lsÍu, fldñIka iNd m;alsÍu wd§ wdl¾IŒh ud;Dldjka lsysmhla‌ bÈßfha ;nd rg fn§ug wod< jHjia‌:d j.ka;s ieliSfï l=uka;%Khla‌ fï ;=< wksjd¾hfhka u mj;sk nj meyeÈ<sh ñkSure ;%ia‌:jd§kaf.a udkj ysñlï .ek idkqlïms; jk, yuqod úrejka fmdarlhg yd ismsßf.hg hjk j;auka wdKa‌vqj rfÜ talSh Ndjh .ek ie,ls,su;a ùu ms<sn|j lsisfia;a n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;eìh fkdyelsh tjka jHjia‌:djla‌ u.ska rg ckjd¾.sl mokula‌ u; len,s l<fyd;a igka fldg j;a kej; foaYh tla‌i;a l< fkdyelsh bkaÈhdfõ lsisfjl=g;a rg len,s lsÍug ;nd ta fjkqfjka l:d lsÍugj;a wjldY fkdue;s whqßka jHjia‌:dj iïmdokh fldg we; ;ñ,akdvqj fjku rdcHhla‌ f,i fkdb,a,d W;=re kef.kysr fnod b,a,Sug iyfhda.h m<lrkakg ch,,s;dg isÿj we;af;a tneúks tksid wNskj jHjia‌:dfjys lskï ;rfï iqnjd§ wdl¾YkSh j.ka;s we;=<;aj we;;a rfÜ talShNdjh ms<sn|j jk j.ka;sh lsisÿ whqrlska ksfYaOkh fkdùug j.n,d .; hq;=h ta fjkqfjka ksrjq,a u;hl uq, isg bÈßfha § cku; úpdrKhl § fyda iyh m< lsÍu fyda úreoaO ùu ck;dj i;=h lsishï wys;lr jHjia‌:djla‌ fï wdl¾IŒh ud;Dld ueo iïu; jqjfyd;a thska .e,ùu isÿjkafka o jHjia‌:d rduqj ;=< isg u nj ;rfha u;l ;nd .; hq;=h

f.da,Sh ;%ia‌;jdoh

whs tia‌ igkaldóka fï jk úg mDÓú ;,hu wd.ñl wka;jdoh mokï fldg.;a wudkqIssl l%shd yryd NS;shg m;afldg yudrh thska ñ§ug m%xYh weußldj, reishdj wd§ n,j;a rgj,aj,g o fkdyels ù we; tjka miqìula‌ ;=< w;a;fkdau;sl yd wkS;sl uqia‌,sï l%shdldrlïj,g ,eî we;s iykYS,S wjldY tjka Nhdkl lKa‌vdhï u;=ù taulg f;da;ekakla‌ úh yelsh ck iïñY%Kh fjkqjg fjku l,dm ola‌jd iq¿ cd;sl ckmo jHdma; ùu fuys,d b;d Nhdklh fuu ;;a;ajh fou< fldá m%Yakhg jvd ìhlre m%;sM, w;alr Èh yelshtjka miqìulg we;s bv m%ia‌:d wysñ lsÍu i|yd foaYmd,k wêldßh inqoaêlj bÈßm;a úh hq;=h th ;sirmghlg jvd úYd, m%Yakhla‌ nj foaYmd,k wêldßh f;areï .; hq;=h

ck;d mrudêm;Hh yd úYajdih

wka;jd§ b,la‌l úIfhys n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;sfldg iq¿ ckj¾.hkaf.a iuia‌;h Èkd .ekSu yryd nyq;rh fmkaúh yels jqj;a th rfgys fmdÿ ck u;h f,i ie,lsh fkdyelsh ta ta mqoa.,hka yd ne÷Kq fm!oa.,sl .eg¨‍ fmdÿ iudc.; m%Yak f,i yqjd ola‌jñka wfmala‍Is; foaYmd,k wruqKq bgqlr .ekSfï idyisl;ajhg miq.sh jir ;=< ,la‌Èj f.dÿre jQ nj wu;l fkdl< hq;=h tneúka th ienE ck;d m%Yak y÷kd .ekSug fyda tajd úi£ug iqÿiq úl,amhla‌ fkdù we; tfyhska ck;d mrudêm;Hh ck;djg ñi n,f,daNS foaYmd,khg yeisrùug bvlv fkdie,ish hq;=h th u fmr<d ck;d úYajdih njg m;afjhs th i;=g uQ,sl lr.;a iudc jHqyhla‌ ilia‌ lsÍug ufydamldÍ fjhs

foaYSh - úfoaYSh l=uka;%K yuqfõ isxy,h

f,dj uqia‌,sï ck.ykh ñ,shk 1600 bla‌ujd we; fou< ck.ykh ñ,shk 350 muK fjhs tfy;a isxy, ck.ykh ñ,shk 12 la‌ nj wu;l fkdl< hq;=h tjka miqìula‌ ;=< isxy,hd j|ù hefï Nhdkl ;¾ckhlg uqyqK § we;;a ;ju;a wm rg foaYmd,lhskg fyda Bkshd iyÔjk jeoaokg th fkdfmfkkafka ljr wjdikdjla‌ ksido@ miq.sh rch iufha mlsia‌;dkh wd§ rgj,aj,ska uilg lsysm j;djla‌ kS;s úfrdaë f,i .íid fm;s tkak;a f.k wd yd kS;sfha /yekg yiqlr.;a wh oeka tu l%shdldÍ;ajh iyuq,ska w;a yer oud we;a o@ ke; iyÔjkh m¨‍ÿ fõ hEhs fï jk úg ta ish,a, flfrys Wfmala‍Id iy.;j isàug wdKa‌vqjg isÿù ;sîu wjdikdjls

wm oeka miqjkafka wd.u jHdma; lsÍu fjkqfjka f,a ;ejreKq b;sydihla‌ we;s wd.ñlhka bÈßfha lreKdj ohdj wkqlïmdfõ m%;suQ¾;sh jka nqÿiuh ,la‌Èj meje;s hqoaOhg j.lsjhq;= njg m%ldY lsÍug ;rug Yla‌;su;a n,fõ. l%shd;aul jk yd wd.u b.ekaùu jvd;a úêu;a l<hq;= hq.hl wd.u mdi,a úIh ud,dfjka bj;a lsÍu ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsÍu ola‌jd Tvqÿjd we;s wjia‌:djlh

md,ï m%;sixia‌lrK yd fldñiï

t¿jd uia‌lr úl=Kqj o uig úl=Kqj o isÿjkafka tlu fohls fnÿïjdohg .e;s ù rg fldgia‌ lsÍu t¿jd uia‌lr úlsŒu jeksh wêrdcH jHdma;jdohg hgùu t¿jd uig úlsŒu jeksh jHjia‌:d ixfYdaOkhg fkdaùðhdkq Wmfoia‌ o, yuqod m%;sixia‌lrK i|yd tx.,ka; uqo,a yd ksfhdað;hska o iyÔjkh i|yd weußldkq fldñiï o uÈù bkaÈhdjg md,ula‌ ;ekSu ola‌jd o wm ia‌jdëk;ajh mdjd §u j<la‌jd .ekSu fuu jif¾ Y%S ,xldj yuqfõ we;s wNsfhda.hhs th kj jif¾ cd;sl wNs,dIh o fjhs