fn!oaO b.ekaùïj, wdl,amo fjkilg ,la lrk úydr.ï foajd,.ï kskao.ï mk;o wdrïN lf&lt;a Tjqkah úydr foajd, md,kh yd whs;sh iïnkaOfhka mqrdKfha mej;s iïm‍%odhka bka fjkia lf&lt;ah j¾;udkfha wm w;aolsk nqoaOd.u;a nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùï w;r;a we;af;a úYd, mr;rhls nqÿ oyfï uq,a b.ekaùï nqoaO mßks¾jdKh iu.u hï úp,H;djhlg n÷kaùu ksid uyd ldYHm uy ry;ka jykafiaf.a u. fmkaùu hgf;a lsishï iïuq;shla ;=< bÈßhg mj;ajdf.k hkakg yels úh jir 100la jeks flá ld,hla we;=<; fï iïuq;sh foord hñka Bg hï hï tl;=lsÍï yd ixfYdaOkhka bÈßm;a ùu ksid iaÓúrjd§ka yd uyd hdkslhka jYfhka fn§ulg ,laúh nqÿka jykafia msßksù jir 236lska me,Æma kqjr§ h<s;a jrla iaÓúrjd§ka uyd iuq¿jla wfYdal wêrdcHhdf.a Wjukdj u; isÿ ùfuka miq nqÿ oyu m<uq j;djg rdcH wkq.‍%yh ,oafoah nqoaOd.u rdcHh wd.ula njg m;a lsÍug nqÿkajykafia lsisúfgl;a tl. fkdùh

.sys Ôú;fha ñ;‍%hl= jQ ìïìidr nqÿrcdKka jykafia jevujd oyï wid meye§ ;u rdcH n,h fhdod fuu oyu fldai,h mqrd ia:djrj f.dvke.Sug fhdackd lrjk úg nqÿka jykafia Bg úreoaO úh ksjka uÕ ;ks ;ksj wjfndaOfldg f.k O¾u ud¾.h ;ks ;ksj jgyd f.k lghq;= lsÍu mqoa.,hd i;= fohla nj;a Bg u. fmkaùu ;uka jykafiaf.a iy wkq.dñl Nsla‍Iq ix>hdf.a lghq;a;la nj;a ìïìidr rcqg meyeÈ,s fldg fidf<dia uyd ckmohkays ÿIalr pdßld lrñka fmdÿ ckhdg fuu oyu jgyd §ug Wkajykafia lghq;= l<fial lms,jia;=fõj;a flda,shhkaf.a rdu.‍%du rdcHfhaj;a th rdcH wd.u jQfha ke; nqÿka oji bkaÈhdfõ mej;s u.O, fldai,, jiai, wjka;s, wx., ldis, jÊð u,a,, fõo, l=re, mxpd,, u;aiH, iqrfiak, wiajl, .dkaOdr, ldïfndac hk fidf<dia uyd ckmohkays th rdcH wd.u jQfha ke; th rdcH wd.ula njg m;a lr.kakd ,oafoa fu!¾hh wêrdcHfha Wjukdjka Wfoidh lvqfõ n,fhka f.dvkeÕQ fu!¾hh wêrdcH wdOHd;añl n,fhka weo ne| ;nd.ekSugh tfia lf&lt;a ta hqo fnrfha yvg ,xldfõ ;siai hg;aùfuka miq fu!¾hh wêrdcHfha WmdOHh kduh me<| .ekSu i|yd foajdkï msh;siai rcq njg fojk jr wd¾hh n‍%dyauk iïm‍%odfha rdcdNsfIal ux.,Hhla o meje;aùh

nqÿ oyu m‍%dfhda.sl wd.ula njg fmr<d.kakd ,oafoa ,xldfõ mu‚ wfYdal úiska ish wêrdcHh n,h fhdod tod meje;s YsIaGdpdr f,dalhg hjk ,o O¾u ¥; lKavdhï ish,a,f.ka j¾;udkh olajd fkdkeiS mj;skafka ,xldfõ mu‚ tfy;a úYd, miq neiSï yd mßydkSka o iu.h f,daflda;r oyula jQ nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùu f,!lsl wdh;khla jQ rdcH iu. flfia kï .e<fmao@ ,xld b;sydih mqrdjg fi!Nd.Hh mej;s ld,jljdkqfõ;a mßkdñl ld,fha;a ix>hdf.a WmfoaYd;aul jeo.;a ùu yer rdcHhg we;=¿ùula fyda fjkia ùula ke; uq,§ uyd úydrh W;a;r úydrh yd f–;jk úydrh f,i mej;s uQ, úydr ;=k leü ì£ f.dia uQ, úydr wglg mßj¾;kh úh mßydksh ta iu.u wvq úh fmdf,dkakrej w;yeÍu;a iu. fï uQ, úydr wg iu. ix>dYdikho mßydksh lrd .uka lf&lt;ah

ix> Ydikh uq¿ukskau ì| jeàf.dia wjidkfha§ wjdy újdyhka iys; >kskakdkafia,d njg ix> Ydikh mßydksh lrd .uka lsÍug foam, f.dv.id .ekSuo wNHka;r úkh msßySuo tlfia n,mEfõh iS;djl rdcOdks iufha rcq wßÜG lS fjkavqf.a WmfoaYl;ajfhka ix>hd iuQy jYfhka urKhg m;a lsÍfuka miq úYd, mßydkSh ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< ix> Ydikh fjkqjg >kskakdkafia,df.a l+Gm‍%dma;sh isÿúh wirK irK msKavmd;sl je,súg irKxlr ix>rdc udysñhkaf.a oDV;r lemùu fkdjkakg h<s ix> Ydikhla ,xldfõ f.dvke ‍fÕkakg bv yir fkd,efnkq we; je,súg irKxlr fyrKmdfKda nqÿ oyu bf.k .kakd ,oafoa ish .=rejr .kskajykafiaf.ka fkdj f,õflard< kï isrlrefjl=f.ks oyu okakd jQ ta u Õ .uka lrkakd jQ tlu Nsla‍Iqjlaj;a ta jk úg b;sß ù fkdisáfhah kdhlal¾ jxYslhkag rdcH;ajh f.dÿre ù ;snQ hq.hl bka rdcH;ajh uqod .ekSug isxy, kdhlhka iu. mej;=k iïnkaO;djhla ksid rdc Woyig ,laj isr.; ùulg mjd Wkajykafiag isÿ úh buy;a lemùulska rdc wkq.‍%yh miqj ,ndf.k ishï rfgka ^j¾;udk ;dhs,ka;h& Wmiïmod l¾uh i|yd Nsla‍IQka jykafia ,ndf.k h<s ix> Ydikh m‍%;sIaGdmkh i|yd lghq;= lf&lt;a Wkajykafiah wo ,xldfõ m‍%Odk ix> iïm‍%odh jkafka ishfuka jevujk ,o Wmd,s ysñhkaf.a Ydik iïm‍%odhhs wms thg uyd úydr jxYsl YHdfudamd,S úydr mrïmrdj hhs kï ;nd we; m‍%Odk uQ, úydr folls wia.sß yd u,aj;= WNh úydr fol uq,a fldg .;a úYd, mkai,a iuQyhla Bg we;=<;ah th uyd úydr mrïmrdjg whs;s jqjo th wúþÑkakj fkdmej;sfhah th úYd, úp,H;djkg n÷kaj nqÿ mshdKka foiQ wud oyfï .eUqre mqreId¾:hkaf.ka ñ§ tfy;a j¾;udk Wreuh w;am;a fldg f.k isáhs

nqÿ mshdKka ish ñ;‍% ìïìidr rcqf.a rdc wkq.‍%yh m‍%;sla‍fIam fldg f,daflda;a;r b.ekaùula f,i f.dvkeÕQ ix> Ydik iïm‍%odhka j¾;udkfha bj;a ù we; ñys÷ udysñhka rcqg WmfoaYd;aulj ueÈy;a fjñka nqoaO Ydikfha ÑriaÓ;sh i|yd o uyckhdf.a ys;iqj ms‚io wOHd;añl .uka uÕ ksjerÈ lsÍu i|yd isÿl< Wmdhud¾.sl ueÈy;a ùu fjkqjg j¾;udk Nsla‍Iq kdhl;ajh rdcH;ajfha jerÈ .uka u`. Yla;su;a lrñka isáhs Wkajykafia,d 1815 ud¾;= ui 02 jeks Èk isÿ l< ft;sydisl mdjd§u Yla;su;a lsÍug f–ïia io¾,kaÙ yd fvdhs,sf.a uÕ fmkaùu hgf;a ft;sydisl u Õ,a uvqjg jvujk ,o fldínElvqj u,aj;= udysñhkaf.a u. wkq.ukh lrñka isáhs th wirK irK irKxlr idÿ p¾hdj fkdfõ

‘isxyf,a rdcHh yd úfYaIfhka iïnkaOj ,xldj ms<sn| ,sms’ kï lD;sfha tod Wvrg wdC%uKh l< bx.S‍%is yuqodfõ lms;dkajrhl= jQ we,a o nqIa fï ms<sn|j weiska ÿgq úia;rh fufia i|yka fldg we; 1815 ud¾;= 02 od uykqjr ft;sydisl uÕ=‍,a uvqfõ isÿùï uyd úia;rh kï fYaIaG wdrdufha jev isák fn!oaO uy kdhl f;rKqjka le|jdf.k tkq ,enQ ieáo wdKavqldr;=ukag uqK.iajkq ,enQ ieáo i|yka l< hq;=h miajre kuhg muK wêldrïjreo, Èidm;sjreo uy kdhl f;reka neye oelSu i|yd uy úydrhg hEug;a t;=uka iNdjg jevu lrjd f.k taug;a wjir b,aÆy @ oyhg muK fnr ^bkaÈhdfõ iajfoaYslhkaf.a fnr* fydrKE ldy, yd li y~ uÕska fï is;a.kakd W;a;uhdf.a meñŒu m‍%ldYs; úh Wv/qáhkaf.a woyia iïnkaOfhka Tyqf.a n,mEu wms fyd¢ka oek isáfhuq… uy kdhl f;reka jykafia iy t;=ukaf.a msßjr u.=,auvqfõ W;=re È.ska msysá w;Hd,xldr lKq úiaila u; ord isák úYd, w,skaohg meñ‚ úg fcdaka fvdhs,s yd f–ñia io¾,kaÙ hk uy;=ka úiska ms<s.kakd ,È fï fofokdu isú,a fiajlfhdah uy kdhl f;reka jykafia fï uy;=ka fofokd úiska Yd,dfõ by< fl<jf¾ ;u fmdÿ yd fm!oa.,sl ld¾hh uKav,h yd tl, uykqjr isá hqo fik`.g wh;a ks,OdÍka iuQyhla úiska msßjrkq ,enQ fiakdêm;s n‍%jqkaß.a W;=udkka fj; le|jdf.k hk ,oy

uy kdhl f;reKqfjda wjqreÿ ye;a;Ejla muK yd Wiska wä myudrla muK jQ mqreIfhls tfy;a fnfyúka .s,kaj isá fyhska .uka lf&lt;a wiSrefjks fï ksid ;reK Nsla‍IQka fokula úiska t;=ukag Wmldr lrhs t;=ukaf.a msßjrg wh;a Nsla‍IQkaf.a ixLHdj wkQjla muK úh Yd,djg meñ‚ Tjqyq ueÈka úYd, bvla we;s jk fia fomig fn§ isáfhdah Èidm;sjreo tla tla mig ù isá kuqÿ ì;a;shg b;d lsÜgqfjka isáhy úhk ìu fYdaNk f,i leghï fldg ;snqKq lKq we;=¿ uq¿ Yd,dju iqÿ lmq ms<sfhka jid ^Wvqúhka ne| jg;sr weo mdjv oud* ;snqfKah fï ishÆu lghq;= iïnkaOfhka isxyf,a rdcH yd wdpdr kS;sh wl=rgu ms<smÈk ,È ishÆu Nsla‍IQyq t,a,d jegqKq ud ye`.s ly fiao isjqre fmdrjd f.k isáhy uy kdhl f;rKqjkaf.a isjqr ly meye;s ú,aÆo mss<sfhka ksujk ,oaols Tjqyq ;uka bÈßfhys úðksm; ne.ska w,a,df.k isáfhdah fï tla tla úðksmf;ys ta ta Nsla‍Iqjf.a ;;a;ajhg wkqj rkska ßÈfhka fyda ,shlï l< mg ms<sfhka ksu fldg ;snq‚ Tjqkaf.a ysia uqvq lrk ,oafoah tfiau jeiSula fkdùh yeu foku ;u kshu ;ekg meñ‚ úg wdKavqldr W;=udkka jykafia ta rfÜ isß;a pdß;‍% yd YsIaG Í;Sh wkqj lghq;= lrñka t;=ukaf.a YÍr ikSmh .ek úpdrd .uk fjfyilr fkdù hehs m;k nj lSh ^fvdhs,s uy;d u.sks Tyq th isxy,hg fmr<d fud,a,shf.dv uy wêldrïg;a Tyq isrer bÈßhg kud uyd kdysñhkag;a mejiqfhah& udysñfhda hglS uÕskau ta ldre‚l úuiSu .ek lD;{;dj m<fldg fiakdêm;s ;ekg ^n‍%jqkaß.ag& Y=N wdYs¾jdo l<y bka miq iNdfõ woyi t;=ukag okajk ,È .súiqfï nqoaOd.u mss<sn| fldgi t;=udf.a wjOdkhg úfYaIfhka fhduqlrk ,È ishÆu Nsla‍IQyq idjOdkj lka § isáhy uy kdhl f;rkqfjda jDoaO Nsla‍IQka lysmfokl= iu. uo fõ,djla my;a y`äka idlÉPqd lsÍfuka miq my; i|yka mßÈ ms<s;=re ÿkay t;=ud ta yeu fokdu fjkqfjka oeka fmdfrdkaÿ jQ wdrdla‍Idj .eko oekgu;a ,nd § we;s wdrla‍Idj .eko wdKavqldr;=ukag ia;+;s lf&lt;ah <`.§ isÿ jQ fjki .ek ^rdcisxy rcq m,jd yeÍu& Tjqka i;=gq nj;a ;u wjxl iyfhda.h iïnkaOfhka tx.,ka;fha rcqg iy;sl l< yels nj;a mejiQy fï fjkig m‍%Odk jYfhka ;=vq ÿkafka W;=udkka jykafiaf.a uDÿ idOdrK md,kh yd wirKhka yd ÿ.Ska flfrys t;=uka fmka jQ lreKdjka;luh…˜ ueÈhfï § udysñfhda neyerg hdug wjir b,aÆy fï pdß;‍% úê fumuK fõ,djla blaujd hkf;la mej;s fyhska rd;‍%S fNdackh .ekSug wjia:djla fkdue;sj ksis wms b;d i;=áka t;=ukag iqn me;Suq wm jdol lKavdhuo Tyqj fmrgqj úydrh lrd .uka l<fyd;a uekjhs t;=fuda b,a,d isáfhdah ;=ka jk ,xld frðfïka;=fõ ^yeu fokdu ldmsßfhdah* ;+¾h jdol lKavdhu fï i|yd fhdojk ,Èka th meh .Kkla kj;ajd .kakd ,È ^i¾ fcdaka fvdhs,s ,shQ isxyf,a wdKavqC%uh - weyef&lt;afmd< tÉ ví,sõ fidaur;akf.a mßj¾;khls&

tod iuia; uy úydrfha kdhl ysñhka j¾Kkd l< n‍%jqkaß.au 1818 § .ïmd¿ m‍%;sm;a;sh wkq.ukh lrñka .y fld< i;d isõmdjqka iyuq,skau úkdY lrñka úydr wdrdu .sksn;a lrñka ishÆ .súiqï wj,x.= lsÍug .;jQfha wjqreÿ ;=kla ;rï fláld,hls tys rÕ Wv/qáfhda fyd¢ka w;aúkaody fud,a,shf.dv weyef&lt;afmd< uqßis Èjhsfka msgqjyÆka f,i urKhg < Õd jQfha fï hqfrdamSh cd;Skaf.a jyisniaj,g /qjàu ksidh fldínElvqj kdysñ m‍%uqL kdysñjreka uykqjr u.=,a uvqfõ§ bx.S‍%is rcl=g yd Tjqkaf.a ks,OdÍkag ke;s .=K .dhkd lrk ,oafoa rdcisxy rcqf.a ú,aÆo ms,sfhka yd rkalñka lrk ,o úðksm;ska uqyqKq jidf.k nj wms oksuq

Wvrg ishÆ m‍%N+ mjq,a urd oud fyda ji Õhg f.k fyda hgm;a fldg fyda ish ngysr ucr Ôú; Tmj;a lsÍu i|yd ,xldfõ wd¾Ól foaYmd,k iudc ixialD;sl jgmsgdj fjkia lrñka bx.S‍%iSka f.kd uqvqìï mk; yd fjk;a lDDr wKmk;aj,g úreoaOj Wvrg ckhd 1848 § fm< .efioa§ Bg kdhl;ajh §ug uqyqÿnäka .sh mqrka wmamq yd fåúÙ yereKq úg Wvrg kdhlhka lsisfjla b;sß ù fkdisáhy tx.,ka;fha rcqf.a ‘uDÿ idOdrK md,kh yd wirKhka yd ÿ.Ska flfrys t;=uka fmkajQ lreKdj’ ieneúkau ,la fmdf<djg cks;j ;snq‚ ud¾;= 2 od Wvrg ck;dj w;rg meñŒu wdYs¾jdohla fldg ms<s.;a uyd kdhl ysñjre wdrdu we;=<g ù iqfjka l,a f.jQy

j¾;udkfha wm oeka olskafka jir foiShhlg miq b;sydifha mqkrd.ukhhs md,lhkaf.a kï .=K .dhkdlrk ix> mS;D;ajhhs th 1815 § l< wdldrhgu oekqÿ .dhkd lrñka isáhs W;=f¾ wysxil fou< ck;djg uqjd ù fõ¿ms,af,a ngysr Wjukdjka fjkqfjka fï uõìu folv lsÍug .;a W;aidyh ;ju ,xlSh ckhdg wu;lj f.dia ke; 1987 § chj¾Ok f;dKavuka rch bka§h l=,S fiakdjkag uqjd ù fnÿïjdohg hgù lmamï fokúg;a fï uyd kdhl ysñjre msß;a kQ,a n¢ñka Bg wdYs¾jdo l<d wmg u;lh
wo f,dalh m‍%Odk jYfhka l|jqre follg fn§ ngysr l|jqr, Ökh uq,afldg.;a
kef ‍fÕkysr l|jqrg m‍%ydrhka t,a, lsÍu i|yd fï jkúg;a Èhdf.da .dIsh‍fmf;ao ´iafÜ‍%,shdfõo ueks,d yd lajd,d,dïmQ¾yso fldkÆÆ¥ m;aj,o w;s kùk ñihs, ia:dk.; lrñka isáhs wdishdj kj hqo flakaøhla njg fmr<d we; f,dalfha úYd,u uqyqÿ udj; jeà we;af;a ,xldjg ie;mqï myla yhla wE;ska yïnkaf;dg jrdh fmak udkfhah yïnkaf;dg jrdh Wmdhud¾.sl jYfhka wdrla‍IKh yd m‍%idrKh i|yd b;du;au jeo.;ah ;‍%ia;jdoh mrdchg m;a l< hqo úrejka Bg kdhl;ajh fok ,o foaYmd,k wêldßh iqkq úiqKq lsÍu ngysrg kHdhd;aulj .;a l< w;HjYH lghq;a;ls ta i|yd wêrdcHjd§ka b;d iQla‍Iauj fidaNs; yd r;k yduqÿrejre yryd hymd,k u;jdoh ia:djr fldg .kafkah oeka oeka uy kdhlysñjre B<Õ cjksldjg wjYH miqìu ilia lrñka isáhs f;d.msáka kj md,lhka Wkajykafia,df.a wdrdu fj; f.dia kj mdjd§ug wjYH miqìug .e,fmk i¿ms<s wkaojd.ks;ss
Wodù we;af;a ndysr md,lhka ish f.da,nd,hka Wmfhda.S fldg f.k Wmdhud¾.slj f,dal hqoaOfha fmruqKg ,xldj we;=¿ lsÍfï jljdkqjhs uq¿uy;a ,dxlSh iudchu ish iNH;ajh w;yer j,aje§ .sh iuhl irKxlr idÿ p¾hdj úiska thg mdjd§ h<s Tijd ;enQ wdldrfha ueÈy;aùula wjeis iuhl wfma ix> mS;Djre yeisfrkafka irKxlr kdysñhkaf.a wkq.dñlhka f,io@ irKxlr ysñhka lsisodl rcqf.a .=K .dhkd fkdl<y rcqf.a Woõ ,ndf.k ,dxlSh iNH;ajhg h<s mK §u nqoaOmq;‍%hl=f.a Wreuh nj Wkajykafia mila fldg isá fial ,dxlSh iNH;ajh ish b;sydifha wjidkh lrd fyñka fyñka <`fjñka mj;shs irKxlr idÿ p¾hdj úiska f.dvke Õ uq,alsß., yd fõje,af,a mrïmrdjka oeka ke; Wkajykafia,d cd;shg m‍%dK jdhqj msöu i|yd f.dvke Õr;au,dfka mru OïufÉ;Sh msßfjk bka miq f.dvkemW.+ úfoHdaoh yd úoHd,xldr wOHdmk wdh;k fol ngysr úYajúoHd,h njg fmr,S cd;sfha orejka cd;sfha y;=rka njg fmr<k wdh;k njg m;a ù we; kj irKxlr idÿ p¾hdjl iïm‍%dma;sh cd;sh tl yäka b,a,d isák fudfyd;l 1815 mdjd§ug iqnme;=ï tl;= l< fldínElvqj kdysñ mrïmrdjla wmg Wreu ù we;
n‍%dyauK b.ekaùïj,g hg;aj fidf<dia uyd ckmohkays n‍%dyauK laI;S‍%h, ffjYHh, Y=ø f,i iudch fnod ;u meje;au i|yd nuqKka f.dvk Õ ;snQ u;jdohka iqKqúiqKq fldg C%s mQ 6 jk ishjfia§ nqÿ ysñhka bÈßm;a l< wudoyu jQ nqÿ oyuhs fmrÈ. f,dalhu taldf,dal fldg wd¾Ól foaYmd,k w;ska ngysrlrKh fkdù jvd fjkia udkj .=KO¾uj,ska wkQK wdishdkq Ñka;k úê iys; udkj mrmqrla f,dalhg odhdo lrk ,oafoa nqÿ oyu úisks Wkajykafia ,sÉPqùkaf.a foaYmd,k C%fudamdhka w.ehSug ,la l<d ñi lsisu md,lhl=f.a .=K .dhkd lrk ;eklg fkdjeä fial fud.a.,S mq;a; ;siai uy ry;kajykafiao O¾udfYdal rcqf.a .=K .dhkd fkdl< fial ñys÷ udysñfhdao ;siai rcqg muKla fkdj wyfiys irk l=re,a,kago jkfhys irk i;=kago tlfia Ôú;hg we;s Wreuh myod ÿkakd ñi .=K .dhkd fldg oyu ia:djr lrkakg W;aidy fkd.;a fial
f.!rjkSh uykdysñjreks, fï f.fjkafka wNsudkj;a ,dxlSh b;sydihla fn!oaO iNH;ajfha wjika fydardjhs ngysr wêrdcHjdoh fmrÈ. iu. wdrïNfldg we;s oreKq hqoaOfha wdrïNl ksfïIhhs fou< vhiafmdardj ;u l=,S fiakdxlhka njg m;afldg we; bka ,dxlSh fou< ckhdg w;ajk iq.;shla fkdue;

,dxlSh N+ñhg w;ajk iq.;shla fkdue; oekgu;a rg wrdðl;ajhla lrd mshk Õd we; ix> mS;Djrekaf.a j.lSu iïnqoaO Ydikh;a fï W;=ï mqkH N+ñfha;a wkd.; brKu ljrdldÍ úh yelso, hkak y÷kdf.k bka cd;sh;a Ydikh;a fírd.ekSug w¾:fhka O¾ufhka ck;djg wkqYdikd lsÍuhs fï ta i|yd ld,hhs ldf,da whxf;aæ

- fiakdr;ak o is,ajd